Plastics yapinda mumativi ese ehupenyu hwedu{{0}kubvira mukapu yemvura yemangwanani yatinokurura kusvika muchigaba chemasikati chatinoenda nacho kuchikweshe chemazino chatinokwesha nacho usiku. Ichi chakareruka, chinogara, uye chisingadhure chakagadzirisa budiriro yemunhu nepurasitiki inoshamisa. Nekudaro, kuseri kweshanduko iyi yekureruka, huviri hunhu hwepurasitiki hwawedzera kujeka: zviri zviviri simba rekufambisa rebudiriro yemagariro uye dambudziko repasi rose rezvakatipoteredza.
I. Kuberekwa uye Kukura kwePurasitiki: A Materials Revolution
Muna 1907, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yekuBelgian{{1}kuAmerica Leo Baekeland akagadzira purasitiki rekutanga rakagadzirwa zvizere-phenolic resin (inowanzo zivikanwa se "Bakelite")-ichiratidza kugadzirwa kwekemikari yekutanga kwechinhu chisingawanikwe mumasikirwo. Mumakore zana akatevera, mazana emapurasitiki, anosanganisira polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), uye polyethylene terephthalate (PET), akabuda, imwe neimwe yakagadziridzwa kune chaiyo zvinodiwa. Semuyenzaniso, PET, nekujeka kwayo kwepamusoro uye kupikisa kwemaitiro, yakava sarudzo yakasarudzika yemabhodhoro ezvinwiwa; nepo polyethylene, nekushanduka kwayo uye kusapinda kwemvura, yakava chinhu chinowanikwa munzvimbo dzese mumashandisirwo ezuva nezuva, kubva kumabhegi epurasitiki kusvika kumapurasitiki.
Kukwira kwepurasitiki kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha: mutengo wakaderera (nekuda kwekunyanya kugadzirisa kwepetroleum byproducts), huremu (kufambiswa kwesimba rekufambisa chinhu chimwe chete-chegumi chesimbi), uye kusagadzikana kwecorrosion (inoshingirira kumaasidhi, alkali, uye humidity). Zvinhu izvi zvakaigonesa kukurumidza kutsiva zvechinyakare zvinhu. Pamberi pema1950s, 90% yemidziyo yepasi rose yaivimba negirazi kana simbi, asi nhasi mapurasitiki ekurongedza anodarika makumi mana%.
II. "Vabatsiri Vese" Vanogara Hupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Vanhu vemazuva ano vanovimba nemapurasitiki pane zvese zvavanoita:
•Mishonga: Majekiseni anoraswa, machubhu eIV, masiki, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinotsamira pakusabereka uye kuchengeteka kwemapurasitiki, zvichideredza zvakanyanya njodzi ye-kubatwa neutachiona;
•Magetsi: Makaseji enharembozha, kiibhodhi yekombuta, uye waya yemagetsi ekudzivirira zvese zvinogadzirwa nemapurasitiki einjiniya (akadai seABS), ayo anosanganisa simba uye zvivakwa zvekudzivirira;
•Kumba: Kubva pamatoyi evana kusvika kumidziyo yefenicha, mapurasitiki anogadzira zvimiro zvakaomarara kuburikidza nekuumba jekiseni uye ane hunyoro hwakawanda-inodzivirira uye inodzivirira tumbuyu-kupfuura huni;
• Zvekurima Zvishandiso: Mulching tekinoroji inotsamira papolyethylene firimu pakudzivirira uye kuchengetedza mwando, ichiwedzera goho nepamusoro pe30%.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha mashandisirwo e"microplastics"-zvimedu zvepurasitiki zvisingasviki 5 mm mudhayamita anoiswa kune mushonga wemazino nekuchenesa kumeso semafuta ekuzora, kana kuti anoshandiswa kugadzira-zvinhu zvinoumba zvinhu zvepamusoro (zvakadai secarbon fiber reinforced plastics), zvichisunda miganhu yehunyanzvi.
III. Mutengo Wezvakatipoteredza Usingagone Kuregeredzwa
Nekudaro, kushingirira kwemapurasitiki (anotora mazana emakore kuti azvidzikisire zvakasikwa) kuri kukonzeresa kuita kwematambudziko. Zvinoenderana nenhamba, angangoita mamirioni mazana mana ematani epurasitiki anogadzirwa pasi rose gore rega rega, ayo chete 9% anodzokororwa, uye mazhinji achizopedzisira apinda mumarara kana mugungwa. “Chitsuwa chinorasa marara” chePacific zvino chapeta nekatatu ukuru hweFrance, uye mhuka dzomugungwa dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe dzinofa gore negore nokudya mapurasitiki. Imwe njodzi isingaonekwi ndeye microplastic pollution-vesaenzi vakaona zvakasaririra muropa revanhu, placenta, uye nemukaka waamai, kunyange zvazvo hutano hwahwo hurefu-huchiri kuongororwa.
Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, nyika dzakatora danho: EU yakaisa mutemo unorambidza imwe-kushandisa midziyo yepurasitiki, China yakagadzirisa shanduro yakagadziridzwa ye "plastic ban" (kurambidza{1}}mabhegi epurasitiki asingaparare panosvika 2025), uye makambani ari kukurumidzisa kugadzirwa kwebio-mapurasitiki akavakirwa (senge PLA inogadzirwa nenyota) (yakagadzirwa nePLA) kubva kune biodegrad (PLA) Vatengi vanogona zvakare kubatsira nekushandisa zvakare mabhegi ekutenga, kusarudza zvinhu zvisina kurongedzerwa, uye kuronga nemazvo uye kudzoreredza mabhodhoro ePET.
Mhedziso: Kuwana Kuenzana
Plastiki pachayo haina kutadza panyama; kiyi iri pamafambisirwo ehupenyu hwayo. Nepo tichinakidzwa nekurerukirwa kwainounza, tinofanirawo kuona sarudzo yevatengi yese tiine mutoro-pamusoro pezvese, kuchengetedza ramangwana renyika kunotanga nekunyatsobata chigadzirwa chepurasitiki chega chega. Sekutaura kunoita vezvemhoteredzo, "Hatina kugara nhaka yeNyika, takaikwereta kubva kuvazukuru vedu." Kudzoreredza epurasitiki kuhunhu hwayo se "chishandiso" pane kuremedza budiriro inogona kunge iri basa iro chizvarwa chedu chinofanira kugadzirisa.
